Hey Ryan--Reading all of this really puts a smile on my face. I love seeing people interested in the cattle business! Something to think about when you are building your barn, look around at other people's barns and get some ideas. I've been a lot of places and seen so much stuff that I think "Oh I wish there was a way we could do that in our barn!" And get the most for your money, make it as versatile as you can. Gates that can swing all the way against a wall to make 2 smaller pens into 1 big one have been a lifesaver for us many times!
As far as land goes, I'm not sure that there's much cheap land in Illinois, at least not in the middle of the state, but you can google search "Land/Farms/Ranches for sale in ______" and there's some websites that people advertise and list on.
In all of the states mentioned, you are going to want to make sure things are accessible during not so favorable weather. Something as simple as feeding hay can be a total pain in the hind end when theres snow/ice/ mud on the ground. We feed hay on the side of a hill with a tractor that is definitely not made for that kind of work in that kind of weather. Needless to say, major headache, but it's what we've got to work with. lol
Keep us updated, and thank you for what you do for our country. Take care!